One of the greatest attributes of the Minimal Fluxbox Desktop is the key shortcuts to the most used programs and these are certain to include the likes of Thunar and Rxvt terminal emulator or similar. You can use the F1 through 12 keys amongst others to pop up the programs and I assign F1 and F2 to Thunar and Rxvt respectively.
Notwithstanding the fact that the Minimal Desktop can be made headless by simply hitting Ctrl+Alt+F4, there are also a formidable array of commands at your disposal in order to perform tasks from the console or terminal emulator. Below are some of the most used ones.
The following list describes some of the most useful and popular Linux commands. Consult the man page for each command to learn about additional arguments and details of operation.
# adduser userid
Creates a new userid, prompting for necessary information
# apropos keyword
- Searches the manual pages for occurrences of the keyword and prints short descriptions from the beginning of matching manual pages.
-
- # at time
-
- # at -t file time
-
- Executes commands entered via
stdin
(or, by using the alternative form, the specified file) at the specified time. The time can be specified in a variety of ways; for example, in hour and minute format
or in hour, minute, month, day, and year format.
-
- # cal month year
- Prints a calender for the specified month of the specified year
|
Centos 6 calender function |
- # cat files
-
- Prints out the contents of the specified files
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- # cd
-
- # cd directory
-
- Changes the current working directory to the user's home directory or the specified directory.
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- # chgrp group files
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- # chgrp -R group files
-
- Changes the group of the specified files to the specified group. The alternative form of the command operates recursively, changing the group of subdirectories and files beneath a specified directory. The group must be named in the /etc/groups file, maintained by the newgroup command
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- # chmod mode files
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- # chmod -R mode files
-
- Changes the access mode of the specified files to the specified mode. The alternative form of the command operates recursively, changing the mode of subdirectories and files beneath a specified directory.
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- # chown userid files
-
- # chown -R userid file
s
-
- Changes the owner of the specified files to the specified userid. The alternative form of the command operates recursively, changing the owner of subdirectories and files beneath a specified directory.
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- # clear
-
- Clears the terminal screen
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- # cp file1 file2
- # cp files directory
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- # cp -R files directory
-
- Copies a file to another file or directory, or copies a subdirectory and all its files to another directory.
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- # date
-
- # date date
-
- Displays the current date and time or changes the system date and time to the specified value.
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- # df
-
- Prints the amount of free disk space on each mounted filesystem
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- # diff file1 file2
- # Compares the two files, reporting all discrepancies. Similar to the diff command though the output format differs.
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- # dmesg
-
- Prints the messages resulting from the most recent system boot
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- # du
-
- # du directories
- Prints the amount of disk space used by the current directory (or the specified directories) and subdirectories.
- # echo string
- # echo -n string
- Prints the specified text on the standard output stream. The -n option causes omission of the trailing newline character.
-
- # fdformat device
- Formats the media inserted in the specified floppy disk drive. The command performs a low-level format only; it does not create a filesystem. To create a filesystem, issue the mkfs command after formatting the media.
- # fdisk device
- Edits the partition table of the specified hard disk.
- # fg
- # fg jobs
- Brings the current job (or the specified jobs) to the foreground.
- # file files
- Determines and prints a description of the type of each specified file.
-
- # find
- # find path -name pattern -print
- Search for files in a directory hierarchy. Searches the specified path for files with names matching the specified pattern (usually enclosed in single quotes) and prints their names.
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- # finger users
-
- Prints a description of the specified users (install with yum).
-
|
Centos 6 Finger command |
# ftp hostname
Opens a FTP connection to the specified host, allowing files to be transfered. The FTP program provides subcommands for accomplishing file transfers.
# grep pattern files
# grep -i pattern files
# grep -n pattern files
# grep -v pattern files
Search the specified files for text matching the specified pattern (usually enclosed in single quotes) and print matching lines. The -i option specifies that matching is performed without regard to case. The -n option specifies that each line of output is preceded by the file name and line number. The -v option reverses the matching, causing non-matched lines to be printed.
# gzip files
# gunzip files
Compress (or expand) the specified files. Generally, a compressed file has the same name as the original file, followed by .gz.
# head files
Prints the first several lines of each specified file.
# hostname
# hostname name
Displays (or sets) the name of the host.
- # info
- Launches the GNU Texinfo help system.
- # init run_level (eg '3')
- Changes the system run level to the specified value
- # insmod module
- Dynamically loads the specified module
- # jobs
- Displays all background jobs
- # ispell files
- Checks the spelling of the contents of the specified files
- # kill process_ids
- # kill -l
- Kills the specified processes, sends the specified processes the specified signal (as a number or a name), or prints a list of available
-
- # killall program
-
- Kills all the processes that are instances of the specified program or sends the specified signal to all processes that are instances of the specified program.
- # ispell files
- Checks the spelling of the contents of the specified files
- # ln old new
- # ln -s old new
- Creates a hard (or soft) link associating a new name with an existing file or directory.
- # locate pattern
- Locates files with names containing the specified pattern and uses the database maintained by the updatedb command.
- # lpq
- Prints the entries of the print queue
- # lpr files
- Prints the specified files
- # lprm job
- Cancels printing of the specified print queue entries. Use lpq to determine the contents of the print queue.
- # ls
- # ls files
- # ls -a files
- # ls -l files
- # ls -lr files
- Lists (non-hidden) files in the current directory or the specified files or directories. The -a option lists hidden files as well has non-hidden files. The -l option causes the list to include descriptive information, such as file size and modification date. The -R option recursively lists the subdirectories of the specified directories.
-
- # mail
-
- Launches a simple mail client that permits sending and recieving email messages.
- # man title
- # man section title
- Prints the specified man page.
- # mkdir directories
- # mkdir -p directories
- Creates the specified directories. The -p option causes creation of any parent directories needed to create a specified directory.
-
- # mkfs -t type device
-
- Creates a file system of the specified type
on the specified device.
- # mkswap device
-
- Creates a Linux swap space on the specified hard disk partition
.
- # more file
-
- Lets the user peruse a file too large to be displayed as a single screen (page) of output. The more command provides many subcommands that let the user navigate the file. For example, the Space key moves forward one page, the b key moves back one page, and the q key exits the program.
- # mount
- # mount device directory
- # mount -o option -t device directory
-
- Prints the mounted devices or mounts the specified device at the specified mount point. (usually a sub-directory of /mnt).
- The mount command consults /etc/fstab to determine statndard options associated with a device. The command generally requires root privileges. The -o option allows specification of a variety of options. For example, ro for read-only access. The -t option allows specification of the filesystem type (eg ext2, msdos etc)
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- # mv paths target
-
- Moves the specified files or directories to the specified target.
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- # newgroup
- Creates the specified group
- # passwd
- # passwd user
-
- Changes the current user's password, or that of the specified user (reaquires root privileges). The command prompts for the new password.
-
-
- # ping host
-
- Sends an echo request via TCP/IP to the specified host. A response confirms that the host is operational.
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- # pr files
-
- Formats the specified files for printing, by inserting page breaks and so on. The command provides many arguments and functions.
-
- # ps
-
- # ps -Aux
-
- Display the processes associated with the current userid or displays a description of each process.
-
- # pwd
-
- Prints the absolute path corresponding to the current working directory.
- # reboot
- Reboots the system.
- # reset
- Clears the terminal screen and resets the terminal status.
- # rm files
- # rm -i files
- # rm -f files
- # rm -if files
- # rm -rf files
- Deletes the specified files or (when the -r option is specified) recursively deletes all subdirectories of the specified files and directories. The -i option causes the command to prompt for confirmation; the -f option suppresses confirmation. Because deleted files cannot generally be recovered, the -f option should be used only with extreme care, particularly when used by the
root
user.
-
- # rmdir directories
- # rmdir -p directories
- Deletes the specified empty directories or (when the -p option is specified) the empty directories along the specified path.
-
- # shutdown minutes
-
- # shutdown -r minutes
- Shuts down the system after the specified number of minutes elapses (requires
root
privileges). The -r option causes the system to be rebooted once it has shut down.
-
- # sleep time
-
- Causes the command interpreter to pause for the specified number of seconds
-
- # sort files
-
- Sorts the specified files. The command has many useful arguments.
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- # split file
- Splits a file into several smaller files. The command has many arguments.
- # su
- # su user
- # su -
- # su - user
- Changes the current userid to root or to the specified userid
- The - option establishes a default environment for the new userid.
- # swapon device
- Enable use of the specified device for swapping
- # swapoff device
- Enables use of the specified device for swapping
- # sync
- Completes all pending input/output operations
- # tail file
- # tail - n file
- # tail -f file
-
- Prints the last several lines of the specified files. The -n option specifies the number of lines to be printed. The -f option causes the command to continuously print additional lines as they are written to the file.
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- # talk user
-
- Launches a program that allows a chat-like dialog with the specified user
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- # tar cvf tar_file files
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- # tar zcvf tar_file files
- Creates a tar file with the specified name, conCreates the specified directories. The -p option causes creation of any parent directories needed to create a specified directory.taining the specified files and their subdirectories. The
z
option specified that the tar file will be compressed.
-
- # tar xvf tar_file
-
- # tar zxvf tar_file
- Extracts the contents of the specified tar file. The z option specified that the tar file has been compressed.
- # telnet host
- Opens a login session on a specified host
- # top
- Prints a display of system processes that is continually updated until the user presses the q key.
- # traceroute host
-
- Uses echo requests to determine and print a network path to the host
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- # umount device
-
- Unmounts the specified filesystem
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- # uptime
-
- Prints the system uptime
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- # w
- Prints the current system users
- # wall
Prints a message to each user except those who've disabled message reception
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- # traceroute host
-
- Uses echo requests to determine and print a network path to the host.
- # wc files
- Prints the number of characters, words and lines in the specified files.